Secondary complications of diabetes
1 Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
2 Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
3 Veterinary Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
4 Institute of Microbiology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
5 Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Review
Comprehensive Research and Reviews in Life Sciences, 2022, 01(01), 022-034.
Article DOI: 10.57219/crrls.2022.1.1.0034
Publication history:
Received on 06 August 2022; revised on 11 September 2022; accepted on 14 September 2022
Abstract:
Diabetes Mellitus is caused due to inconsistency in the secretion of insulin or due to defective action of insulin which can be caused by insufficient insulin or a defective pancreas. Diabetes is growing at an alarming rate with an estimation of 8.4% worldwide. Diabetes has 2 types i.e., TIDM1, in which there is excessive beta cell degradation and as result deficiency of insulin occurs in body and TIDM2 where there is insulin resistance that leads to hyperglycemia. Secondary complications of diabetes include cardiovascular damage, due to different types of glycation products, metabolites, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Thyroid malfunction, as glycemic uncontrolled and insulin requirements is typically related to hyperthyroidism thus occurrence of thyroid disorder may also affect diabetes control. Effect on wound healing, as the inflammation and tissue response to wounds are unusual and endogenous growth factors (EGF) show less activity to the wounds site in diabetic patient. Diabetic neuropathy is the most recurrent complication of the diabetes. Another outcome is oxidative stress which increase with growing diabetes. The growth and development of muscles is considerably decreased along with crucial risk aspect for heart failure in type 1 diabetes. Neural and retinal cells are also affected in diabetic patients causing neuropathy and retinopathy.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Retinopathy; Neuropathy; Inflammation; Insulin
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